Incorporation of Caprylic Acid into a Single Cell Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid for the Production of Specialty Lipids.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND: New sources of docosahexaenoic acid have recently been investigated aiming at infant formula fortification and dietary supplementation, among which the single cell oil with 40-50% of this acid. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: For this purpose, such an oil was blended with caprylic acid in amount substance ratio ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 and the blends were interesterified using either Novozym 435 or Lipozyme TL IM as the catalyst. The influence of the amount of excess free caprylic acid in the substrate, as well as the type of enzyme on the triacylglycerol rearrangement resulting from the synthesis of the structured lipids were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The regiospecific lipase Lipozyme TL IM seemed to induce transesterification among single cell oil triacylglycerols preferably by acidolysis with caprylic acid, which was directly proportional to the ratio of this acid in the substrate. In reactions catalyzed by the non-regiospecific lipase Novozym 435, a higher incorporation of caprylic acid into single cell oil triacylglycerols was observed than when using Lipozyme TL IM, independently of the oil/caprylic acid molar ratio. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: These results revealed the importance of combining the choice of the type of lipase, either regiospecific or not, with the amount ratios of free fatty acids and the substrate in acidolysis when aiming to produce structured lipids as a source of docosahexaenoic acid.

Interesterified Fats Induce Deleterious Effects on Adipose Tissue and Liver in LDLr-KO Mice.

Interesterified fats are being widely used by the food industry in an attempt to replace trans fatty acids. The effect of interesterified fats containing palmitic or stearic acids on lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling pathways in adipose and hepatic tissues was evaluated. Male LDLr-KO mice were fed a high-fat diet containing polyunsaturated (PUFA), palmitic (PALM), palmitic interesterified (PALM INTER), stearic (STEAR), or stearic interesterified (STEAR INTER) fats for 16 weeks. The expression of genes and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes in liver and white adipose tissue was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and by Western blot, respectively. The infiltration of inflammatory cells in hepatic and adipose tissues was determined by eosin and hematoxylin, while liver collagen content was determined by Sirius Red staining. Both interesterified fats increased liver collagen content and JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, the STEAR INTER group developed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated with higher neutrophil infiltration. PALM INTER induced adipose tissue expansion and enlargement of adipocytes. Furthermore, PALM INTER triggered increased IKK phosphorylation and TNFα protein content, conditions associated with the upstream activation of the NFkB signaling pathway. STEAR INTER induced NASH, while PALM INTER triggered hepatic fibrosis and adipocyte hypertrophy with inflammatory response in LDLr-KO mice.

Milk fat protects Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 from in vitro gastrointestinal stress in potentially synbiotic table spreads.

The viability and the in vitro gastrointestinal survival of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 (Bifidobacterium Bb-12) in table spreads with different proportions of milk fat (MF) and palm olein (PO) (MF : PO 40 : 60 and MF : PO 20 : 80) were investigated for up to 28 days of storage at 5 °C. Moreover, qPCR alone and combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) were compared with the traditional plate count method for determining the in vitro gastrointestinal survival of Bifidobacterium Bb-12 in table spreads after 35 days of storage. Formulations showed probiotic viabilities ranging from 8 to 9 log CFU g-1 across the whole storage period, and the milk fat and palm olein in different concentrations did not affect this viability. Bifidobacterium Bb-12 showed good survival after six hours under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions during the studied storage period, with average reductions of 1.70 (MF : PO 40 : 60) and 2.16 log CFU g-1 (MF : PO 20 : 80). The results of the qPCR with PMA treatment and the plate count method were similar and the qPCR without PMA treatment was shown to overestimate the Bifidobacterium Bb-12 populations. However, the MF : PO 40 : 60 spread showed a Bb-12 population between 0.76 and 1.43 log CFU g-1 higher than that of MF : PO 20 : 80. Thus, the results showed that table spreads, especially food matrices with a higher proportion of milk fat, are suitable for the incorporation of Bifidobacterium Bb-12.

Dietary interesterified fat enriched with palmitic acid induces atherosclerosis by impairing macrophage cholesterol efflux and eliciting inflammation.

Interesterified fats are currently being used to replace trans fatty acids. However, their impact on biological pathways involved in the atherosclerosis development was not investigated. Weaning male LDLr-KO mice were fed for 16weeks on a high-fat diet (40% energy as fat) containing polyunsaturated (PUFA), TRANS, palmitic (PALM), palmitic interesterified (PALM INTER), stearic (STEAR) or stearic interesterified (STEAR INTER). Plasma lipids, lipoprotein profile, arterial lesion area, macrophage infiltration, collagen content and inflammatory response modulation were determined. Macrophage cholesterol efflux and the arterial expression of cholesterol uptake and efflux receptors were also performed. The interesterification process did not alter plasma lipid concentrations. Although PALM INTER did not increase plasma cholesterol concentration as much as TRANS, the cholesterol enrichment in the LDL particle was similar in both groups. Moreover, PALM INTER induced the highest IL-1ß, MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion from peritoneal macrophages as compared to others. This inflammatory response elicited by PALM INTER was confirmed in arterial wall, as compared to PALM. These deleterious effects of PALM INTER culminate in higher atherosclerotic lesion, macrophage infiltration and collagen content than PALM, STEAR, STEAR INTER and PUFA. These events can partially be attributed to a macrophage cholesterol accumulation, promoted by apoAI and HDL2-mediated cholesterol efflux impairment and increased Olr-1 and decreased Abca1 and Nr1h3 expressions in the arterial wall. Interesterified fats containing palmitic acid induce atherosclerosis development by promoting cholesterol accumulation in LDL particles and macrophagic cells, activating the inflammatory process in LDLr-KO mice.

Microscopic approach of the crystallization of tripalmitin and tristearin by microscopy.

The crystallization behavior of lipids has important implications in industrial processing of food products, whose physical characteristics depend largely on crystallized fats. The study of the crystallization behavior and polymorphism of a pure lipid system is of great scientific importance as a means of gaining an understanding of the phenomena involved, serving as basic knowledge to help guide the addition or removal of these compounds in different raw materials. The crystallization behavior and polymorphism of pure tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS) were investigated by Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) under different crystallization conditions. The polymorphic forms (ß' and ß) of PPP and SSS exhibited different morphologies depending on how they were obtained, either from α form recrystallization or from isotropic melt. Crystallization in the ß form was faster in SSS than in PPP, indicating that the process occurs faster in TAGs composed of longer fatty acid chains. Both ß' and ß polymorphic forms were obtained from α form recrystallization, albeit with predominance of the ß form.

Production of vegetable oil blends and structured lipids and their effect on wound healing / Produção de misturas de óleos vegetais e lípidos estruturados e o seu efeito na cicatrização de feridas

Two oil blends (sunflower/canola oils 85/15 (BL1) and canola/linseed oils 70/30 (BL2)), were prepared and enzymatically interesterified to be applied to surgically-induced wounds in rats. Following surgery, the animals were submitted to the Treatment with Physiological Saline (TPS) (control group), Blends (TBL), and Structured Lipids (TSL). The control group (TPS) received physiological saline solution for 15 days. In TBL, BL1 was administered during the inflammation phase (days 0-3) and BL2 in the tissue formation and remodeling phase (days 4-15). In TSL, Structured Lipid 1 (SL1) and Structured Lipid 2 (SL2) were used instead of BL1 and BL2, respectively. The aim of this study was to compare wound closure evolution among rats treated with the blends or structured lipids versus control rats treated with physiological saline. The wound healing process was evaluated by measuring the wound areas along the treatments and the concentrations of cytokines. An increase in the areas of wounds treated with the blends and structured lipids in the inflammatory phase was observed, followed by a steeper closure curve compared to wounds treated with physiological saline. The changes observed during the inflammatory phase suggest a potential therapeutic application in cutaneous wound healing which should be further investigated...

Duas misturas de óleos vegetais (girassol/canola 85/15 (BL1) e canola/linhaça, 70/30 (BL2) foram preparadas e interesterificadas por via enzimática para serem aplicadas em feridas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos. Após a cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos ao tratamento com soro fisiológico (TPS) (grupo controle), tratamento com as misturas (TBL) e tratamento com os lipídios estruturados (TSL). O grupo controle (TPS) recebeu soro fisiológico por 15 dias. Em TBL, BL1 foi administrada durante a fase de inflamação (dias 0-3) e BL2 na fase de formação de tecido e remodelação (dias 4-15). Em TSL, os lipídios estruturados SL1 e SL2 foram usados em vez de BL1 e BL2, respectivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução do fechamento das feridas dos grupos de ratos tratados com as misturas ou lipídios estruturados em comparação com os ratos do grupo controle, tratados com soro fisiológico. O processo de cicatrização das feridas foi avaliado através da medição das áreas das feridas ao longo dos tratamentos e pela determinação das concentrações de citocinas. Observou-se aumento das áreas das feridas tratadas com as misturas e os lipídios estruturados na fase inflamatória, seguida por um fechamento acentuado de feridas comparado com o tratamento com solução salina. As mudanças observadas durante a fase inflamatória sugerem uma potencial aplicação terapêutica na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas, fazendo-se necessárias investigações posteriores...

Effects of emulsifier addition on the crystallization and melting behavior of palm olein and coconut oil.

Two commercial emulsifiers (EM1 and EM2), containing predominantly monoacylglycerols (MAGs), were added in proportiond of 1.0 and 3.0% (w/w) to coconut oil and palm olein. EM1 consisted of approximately 90% MAGs, whereas EM2 consisted of approximately 50% MAGs. The crystallization behavior of these systems was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy under polarized light. On the basis of DSC results, it was clear that the addition of EM2 accelerated the crystallization of coconut oil and delayed the crystallization of palm olein. In both oils EM2 addition led to the formation of smaller spherulites, and these effects improved the possibilities for using these fats as ingredients. In coconut oil the spherulites were maintained even at higher temperatures (20 °C). The addition of EM1 to coconut oil changed the crystallization pattern. In palm olein, the addition of 3.0% (w/w) of this emulsifier altered the pattern of crystallization of this fat.

Fatty acid profile, trans-octadecenoic, α-linolenic and conjugated linoleic acid contents differing in certified organic and conventional probiotic fermented milks.

Development of dairy organic probiotic fermented products is of great interest as they associate ecological practices and benefits of probiotic bacteria. As organic management practices of cow milk production allow modification of the fatty acid composition of milk (as compared to conventional milk), we studied the influence of the type of milk on some characteristics of fermented milks, such as acidification kinetics, bacterial counts and fatty acid content. Conventional and organic probiotic fermented milks were produced using Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus TA040 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB340. The use of organic milk led to a higher acidification rate and cultivability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Fatty acids profile of organic fermented milks showed higher amounts of trans-octadecenoic acid (C18:1, 1.6 times) and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including cis-9 trans-11, C18:2 conjugated linoleic (CLA-1.4 times), and α-linolenic acids (ALA-1.6 times), as compared to conventional fermented milks. These higher levels were the result of both initial percentage in the milk and increase during acidification, with no further modification during storage. Finally, use of bifidobacteria slightly increased CLA relative content in the conventional fermented milks, after 7 days of storage at 4°C, whereas no difference was seen in organic fermented milks.

Chemical interesterification of blends of palm stearin, coconut oil, and canola oil: physicochemical properties.

trans-Free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a margarine. Palm stearin, coconut oil, and canola oil were used as substrates for chemical interesterification. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of blends of palm stearin, coconut oil, and canola oil submitted to chemical interesterification using sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid composition, softening and melting points, solid fat content, and consistency. Chemical interesterification reduced softening and melting points, consistency, and solid fat content. The interesterified fats showed desirable physicochemical properties for possible use as a margarine. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans-fatty acids could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat.

Fatty acid composition in preterm and term breast milk.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the fatty acid (FA) composition of colostrum and mature milk produced by nursing mothers of preterm and at-term newborns, in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Low contents of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.02%/colostrum and 0.01%/mature milk for preterm and term milk) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (colostrum group: 0.10%/preterm and 0.09%/term; mature milk: 0.05%/preterm and 0.03%/term) were determined. The comparison among the groups showed that the elaidic acid content was significantly higher (1.67%) in mature term milk. The content of rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid) was significantly higher in at-term colostrum compared with preterm colostrum. When considering the maturity of the milk, there was a significant increase in the percentage of this FA in the preterm group. The results show that, overall, the greatest differences observed were between the colostrums and mature milks for both groups and not between preterm and at-term mothers.

Fracionamento a seco da gordura de frango em escala piloto / Dry fractionation of chicken fat in pilot scale

O consumo mundial de carne de frango foi de 57,8 milhões de toneladas em 2006, segundo estimativas do United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). A gordura abdominal de frango corresponde a aproximadamente 2 a 2,5 por cento do peso da carcaça. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram fracionar esta gordura e caracterizar as frações obtidas através da análise térmica e das propriedades físico-químicas. A gordura de frango foi submetida ao fracionamento a seco para obter uma fração sólida à temperatura ambiente. As etapas de cristalização e filtração foram realizadas utilizando procedimentos industriais em escala piloto. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto aos pontos de amolecimento e de fusão, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida, composição em ácidos graxos e em triacilgliceróis, índices de iodo e saponificação, e comportamento térmico. Os resultados demonstraram que a gordura de frango é composta por 68,7 por cento de ácidos graxos insaturados. Entre os ácidos graxos insaturados, os monoinsaturados, como o ácido oléico, são considerados desejáveis com relação à redução do risco de enfermidades cardiovasculares. O elevado ponto de fusão das estearinas em relação à gordura de frango foi devido aos maiores teores de ácidos graxos saturados nestas frações, principalmente os ácidos palmítico e esteárico. A gordura de frango e a oleína à temperatura de 10 ºC apresentaram-se plásticas e espalháveis. O alto rendimento das oleínas sugere a possibilidade de aplicação destas frações como óleo para frituras e na síntese de lipídios estruturados. As estearinas podem ser utilizadas como componentes na fabricação de gorduras para aplicação em margarinas para pastelaria, massas folhadas e gorduras para bolos e sorvetes.

The world consume of chicken meat was 57.8 million tons in 2006, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimative. The abdominal chicken fat corresponds to approximately 2.5 percent of the weight of the slaughtered chicken. The objectives of this study were to fractionate the abdominal chicken fat and to evaluate its fractions regarding the physical and chemical properties. Chicken fat was processed by dry fractionation to obtain a solid fraction at ambient temperature. Crystallization and separation were performed using industrial-type procedures. Softening point, consistency, solid fat content, fatty acid and triglyceride compositions, iodine and saponification values, and the thermal behavior of the samples were evaluated. Results showed that chicken fat had 68.7 percent of unsaturated fatty acids. Among these, monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are considered desirable in regard to decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The higher softening point of the stearin was due the greatest levels of saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic and stearic acids). Chicken fat and olein at 10 ºC were plastic and spreadable. The high olein yield suggests that this fraction can be used as frying oil and in the synthesis of structured lipids. The stearin can be applied as component in the fat manufacturing, in puff-pastry margarines and also in cake and icing shortening.

Bio-synthesis and hydrolysis of ethyl phenylacetate and ethyl 2-phenylpropionate in organic solvent by lyophilized mycelia

To select the best biocatalysts for ethanol acylations with phenylacetic and 2-phenylpropionic acids, lyophilized mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae CBS 10207, A. oryzae MIM, Rhizopus oryzae CBS 11207, R. oryzae CBS 39134, R. oryzae CBS 26028 and R. oryzae CBS 32847 were tested in this study. The carboxylesterase activities of A. oryzae MIM and R. oryzae 11207, which revealed to be the best biocatalysts, were investigated either in 0.1 M phosphate buffer or in n-heptane to catalyze the hydrolysis or the synthesis of ethyl esters of these acids, respectively. A. oryzae proved more effective than R. oryzae, probably due to more favorable microenvironment conditions and thermodynamic scenario. The results in terms of product formation and substrate consumption versus time were used to estimate the maximum conversion yields, the equilibrium constants and the times needed to reach half maximum conversion, thus providing sufficient information about these equilibria.

Micélios liofilizados de Aspergillus oryzae CBS 10207, A. oryzae MIM, Rhizopus oryzae CBS 11207, R. oryzae CBS 39134, R. oryzae CBS 26028 e R. oryzae CBS 32847 foram testados neste estudo com vista à seleção do melhor biocatalisador para efetuar a acilação de etanol com ácidos fenilacético e 2-fenilpropiônico. As atividades carboxilesterásicas de A. oryzae MIM e R. oryzae 11207, que resultaram ser os melhores biocatalisadores, foram investigadas tanto em tampão fosfato 0,1 M como em n-heptano para catalisar a hidrólise ou a síntese dos ésteres etílicos destes ácidos. A. oryzae pareceu ser mais eficaz que R. oryzae, provavelmente devido a condições micro-ambientais e a um cenário termodinâmico mais favoráveis. Os resultados obtidos em termos de formação do produto e consumo dos substratos em função do tempo foram usados para a estimativa dos rendimentos de conversão máximos, as constantes de equilíbrio e os tempos necessários para alcançar metade da conversão máxima, fornecendo desta forma suficientes informações sobre esses equilíbrios.

Propriedades físicas de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir de banha e óleo de soja / Physical properties of structured lipids from lard and soybean oil

Os lipídios do leite humano são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de recém-nascidos. A composição dos ácidos graxos e a sua distribuição nas cadeias dos triacilgliceróis devem ser alvos de estudos em fórmulas infantis. Este trabalho pretende obter lipídios estruturados que possuam características semelhantes às da gordura do leite humano. Misturas binárias de banha e óleo de soja formuladas em diferentes proporções (80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80) foram submetidas à reação de interesterificação química. A composição em ácidos graxos, índice de iodo, conteúdo de gordura sólida, consistência e ponto de fusão foram analisados nas misturas antes e após a interesterificação. A adição de óleo de soja provocou decréscimo no conteúdo de gordura sólida e consistência da banha. A interesterificação química alterou o comportamento destas propriedades nas misturas binárias da banha com o óleo de soja, em todas as proporções, possivelmente em função do aumento de triacilgliceróis di e trissaturados produzidos pela randomização. As interações entre banha e óleo de soja apresentaram efeito monotético, antes e após a interesterificação química. Dentre as misturas modificadas, as que continham banha com 20 e 40% de óleo de soja foram as que mais se aproximaram da composição em ácidos graxos dos lipídios do leite humano

Human milk fat is essential for the development of term infants. The fatty acid composition and distribution in the triacylglycerols chains must be object of studies in infant formulas. The objective of this paper was to obtain structured lipids that have similar characteristics to the human milk fat. Binary mixtures of lard and soybean oil in different ratios (80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80) were submitted to chemical interesterification. The fatty acid composition, acid value, iodine value, solid fat content, consistency and melting point were analyzed in the mixtures before and after the interesterification. The solid fat content and consistency of lard decreased by the addition of soybean oil. Chemical interesterification modified the behavior the binary mixtures of lard with soybean oil, in all ratios, possibly as a function of the increase of di and trisatured triacylglycerols produced by the randomic effect. The interactions between lard and soybean oil presented a monotectic effect before and after the chemical interesterification. The modified mixtures with 20 and 40% of soybean oil presented similar fatty acid composition to human milk fat

Caracterização físico-química de creme vegetal enriquecido com ésteres de fitosteróis / Physico-chemical characterization of a phytosterol ester enriched margarine

Atualmente, esteróis e estanóis têm sido adicionados a margarinas especiais, comercialmente disponíveis como alimentos funcionais, com o intuito de reduzir os níveis de colesterol. Como parte de uma dieta saudável, é cientificamente comprovado que esse tipo de produto reduz o colesterol LDL em aproximadamente 10-15 por cento. A literatura disponível sobre os efeitos dos fitosteróis/fitostanóis na redução do colesterol no organismo, bem como a forma como estes componentes são metabolizados, é muito vasta. Porém, informações sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas destas substâncias e os efeitos de sua aplicação em alimentos, do ponto de vista tecnológico, dificilmente são encontradas...

Cristalização de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir de gordura do leite e óleo de milho / Crystallization of structured lipids from milkfat and corn oil

A partir da mistura de óleos e gorduras e de posterior interesterificação podem ser obtidos lipídios estruturados, que são compostos que apresentam características físicas, químicas e nutricionais diferentes daquelas dos lípidios que lhes deram origem. As principais propriedades físicas destes lipídios, como consistência e plasticidade, podem ser infleunciadas por sua estrutura cristalina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar modificações na estrutura cristalina de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir de gordura do leite e óleo de milho. As curvas de cinética de cristalização foram construídas a partir do conteúdo de gordura sólida das amostras em função do tempo. A utilização do cálculo dos parâmetros de Avrami permitiu determinar a velocidade de cristalização e os tipos de nucleação e dos cristais formados...

Distribuição esteroespecífica de lipídios estruturados a partir de gorduras de palma, palmiste e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média / Stereospecific distribution of strutured lipids obtained from palm oil, palm kernel oil

Por meio de interesterificação química foram sintetizados lipídios estruturados a partir das gorduras de palma, palmiste e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a distribuição estereoespecífica dos ácidos graxos nos lipídios estruturados. Foi possível comprovar a ocorrência da interesterificação através da hidrólise enzimática, que permitiu conhecer a composição dos ácidos graxos em posições específicas dos triacilgliceróis. Foram estudadas 10 amostras, representadas por 3 amostras individuais, 3 misturas binárias e 4 misturas ternárias. As amostras foram submetidas à hidrólise com lipase pancreática suina à temperatura de 40º C...

Consistência da gordura abdominal de frango, de suas estearinas e de suas misturas binárias com toucinho / Consistency of abdominal chiken fat, of its stearins and of its binary mixtures with bacon fat

A consistência é uma das propriedades físicas mais importantes das gorduras, pois se encontra diretamente associada às suas diversas aplicações. Esta propriedade pode ser considerada como um aspecto funcional relevante das gorduras plásticas, que säo misturas de cristais de gordura sólida e óleo líquido. Os cristais de gordura formam uma rede tridimensional, que comunica plasticidade ao material. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as interações que ocorrem em misturas binárias de duas gorduras animais (abdominal de frango e de toucinho) quanto a sua propriedade de consistência em diferentes temperaturas.

Propriedades de textura das misturas binárias da gordura abdominal de frango com gordura de toucinho / Texture properties of binary mixtures from abdominal chicken fat and lard

A ciência que estuda a deformação e o fluxo de materiais quando estes são submetidos à ação de forças é denominada reologia. As propriedades de textura estão associadas à deformação, à desintegração e ao fluxo de um material sob ação de uma determinada força. O conhecimento das propriedades reológicas de alimentos semi-sólidos é importante para o projeto do processo, no controle de qualidade e no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência da temperatura nas propriedades de "stress", firmeza e energia de penetraçao das misturas binárias da gordura abdominal de frango com gordura de toucinho, em diversas temperaturas. Também, foram verificadas as interações...

Consistência de misturas binárias e ternárias de gorduras de palma, palmiste e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média / Consistency of binary and ternary blends of palm oil, palm kernel oil, and medium chain triacylglycerols

A consistência é uma das propriedades físicas mais importantes das gorduras, pois encontra-se diretamente associada às suas diversas aplicações. Esta propriedade pode ser considerada como um aspecto funcional relevante das gorduras plásticas, que são misturas de cristais de gordura sólida e óleo líquido. Os cristais de gordura formam rede tridimensional, que fornece plasticidade ao material. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as interações que ocorrem em misturas binárias e ternárias de duas gorduras vegetais (palma e palmiste) e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (Trigliceril CM©, quanto a sua propriedade de consistência a diferentes temperaturas. Foram estudadas 10 amostras, representadas por três amostras individuais, três misturas binárias e quatro misturas ternárias...